I once stayed in a hotel in Vienna, one of those self-­consciously designed establishments with backlit photos embedded in the walls and tubes of blue, red, and yellow light placed strategically around every common space. My room had a soft blue light in it, a queasy kind of light that made me jet-­lagged just looking at it. The desk in my room had a glass plate in the top, under which were four red jalapeño peppers. It took me five minutes to figure out how to turn on the shower.

Another thing the hotel had was aphorisms.

There was one on the wall of the lobby as I walked in, from Polish actor Ryszard Cieslak:

We play roles in life to such an extent that all we would have to do is stop playing to create theater.

Signaling the presiding spirit of a place through the strategic placement of an aphorism is an ancient tradition. Those consulting the oracle at Delphi read “Know thyself ” above the entrance to the Temple of Apollo. Montaigne had aphorisms carved into the beams of his study. Years ago during a sailing trip through the Netherlands, when I was just learning Dutch, I saw Elke morgen, nieuwe zorgen (Every morning, new worries) hung above the front door of a house.

After years of subsidence necessitated the repair and redecoration of much of our house, we painted an abbreviated line from Henry David Thoreau’s Walden on the steps to the bathroom. It’s the first thing we see after waking up and walking out the bedroom door:

Morning is when the dawn is within me.

So imagine my delight when, sipping apple juice the next morning during breakfast at the hotel, I discovered the following saying from Thoreau on the paper doily under my glass:

Water is the only drink for a wise man.

Realizing that I was surrounded by aphorisms, I went looking for them. I found Ralph Waldo Emerson on the Do Not Disturb sign on the door handle:

My hours are peaceful centuries.

­and Saint Augustine on the cover of the hotel directory:

The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page.

This immersive aphoristic experience got me thinking about which sayings I would choose if I had to place one on each of the objects in my house. On my earbuds, T.S. Eliot would be apt:

We are the music while the music lasts.

On my bookshelves, Arthur Schopenhauer:

Buying books would be a good thing if one could also buy the time to read them in: but as a rule the purchase of books is mistaken for the appropriation of their contents.

And on a Post-­it note permanently affixed to my forehead:

Writing is thinking.

Thanks to my colleagues in the Harvard Kennedy School’s Communications Program for inviting me to do a talk on political aphorisms. From the form’s beginnings in ancient China and Egypt, aphorisms have always been about governing — how to govern the self, the state, society. In Egypt, rulers like Ptah-Hotep set down collections of aphorisms to be used as moral instruction manuals for the sons who would inherit their kingdoms…

He that obeys becomes one obeyed.

In China, the I Ching is a book of governance, and in the Tao te Ching Lao Tzu has lots to say about how best to govern a country or community…

Ruling a large kingdom is like cooking a small fish; the less handled the better.

Muhammad ibn Zafar Al-Siqilli was known in his lifetime as “The Sicilian Wanderer” because he left his native Sicily to roam the Maghreb searching for an Arab prince who would put his political teachings into practice. He didn’t have much luck. After traveling back and forth between Sicily and northern Africa, al-Siqilli finally settled in Syria, where he died in poverty and without an official position. Al-Siqilli’s story has much in common with those of Confucius and Machiavelli: All three sought and failed to achieve influential positions at court, and both al-Siqilli and Confucius lived the latter parts of their lives as itinerant sages in search of like-minded monarchs. Al-Siqilli had some important insights about political policy makers and policy advisors…

Counsel is the mirror of the intellect. If, therefore, you would like to know the capacity of anyone, ask for their advice.

Madame De Staël was also a great political aphorist:

When one does not know how to convince, one oppresses

as was Audre Lorde:

In our world, divide and conquer must become define and empower.

One professional category is conspicuously underrepresented in the history of the political aphorism — politicians themselves. That is no doubt because aphorisms are too provocative and confrontational for campaigning, when candidates are likely to opt for poetry, then of course reverting to non-aphoristic prose for governing. Two notable exceptions are Benjamin Disraeli, who twice served as British Prime Minister and helped create the modern British Conservative Party (on becoming Prime Minister, he observed: “I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole”):

The palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy

and Adlai Stevenson, who lost both the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections to Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower, in fact, used to tease Stevenson about the witty aphorisms he included in his speeches, and Stevenson replied, “I refuse to conform to the Republican law of gravity.” Stevenson’s aphorisms are still wickedly smart and apt today:

The hardest thing about any political campaign is how to win without proving that you are unworthy of winning.

If the Republicans stop telling lies about us, we will stop telling the truth about them.

Sometimes in the deafening clamor of political salesmanship, I’ve thought that the people might be better served if a party purchased a half hour of radio and TV silence during which the audience would be asked to think quietly for themselves.

After a whirlwind tour of 5,000 years of political aphorisms, the HKS group went into aphorism-writing mode, penning some astute sayings of their own…

From the tomb of Troy came the cradle of Rome. —Muneeb Ata

Even the Ivy League grows weeds. —Alison Kommer

When you go far enough everything is on the way back. — Surbhi Bharadwaj

This past summer Surbhi and some of her friends began spontaneously composing aphorisms, including the one above, and recording them on video. The video shows the political nature of the aphorism in its purest form. The word ‘political’ comes from the Greek polites, meaning ‘citizen’, which in turn comes from polis, meaning ‘city-state’. Like politics, aphorisms pertain to public life and governance in three main ways:

• They are a popular, grass-roots form — of the people, by the people, for the people — composed by citizens much more often than they are composed by political leaders
• They are part of the tradition of persuasive rhetoric, like the shortest possible political policy memo, devised as solutions to shared problems, challenges, or opportunities
• They are originally oral and often delivered in public, like the shortest possible political speech

Check out Surbhi and co.’s aphorism mash up vid below!

Vladimir Putin is out with his latest annual calendar, which attempts to portray the Russian dictator in various manly, domestic, and statesmanlike settings. Each page of the calendar is accompanied by an attempt to portray the Russian dictator saying some vaguely manly, domestic, and statesmanlike thing, such as this oblique reference to Putin’s barbaric war against Ukraine: “Russia’s border never ends.” More accurate would be to accompany each picture with an aphorism from William Ralph Inge, dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London from 1911 until his death in 1954, such as these…

A man may build himself a throne of bayonets, but he can’t sit on it.

A nation is a society united by a delusion about its ancestry and by common hatred of its neighbors.

While at the Charleston Literary Festival, I visited the International African American Museum, located on the site of Gadsden’s Wharf, the arrival point in the U.S. for as many as 100,000 enslaved Africans. There I saw one of the stoneware jugs made by the enslaved potter David Drake. During the time Drake was at work in Edgefield, South Carolina, an area known for its stoneware, literacy was illegal for enslaved people. So it was a remarkable and dangerous act of defiance for him to write on his jars and jugs. He did it anyway, adding aphoristic couplets on moral, spiritual, and practical themes to his vessels.

Give me silver or; either gold

though they are dangerous; to our soul

I wonder where is all my relations

Friendship to all – and every nation

While in DC for a talk at Politics and Prose, I dropped by the Phillips Collection, where I sat in the Rothko room for a rumination and also spotted “Girl Writing” (1941) by Milton Avery, a poignant depiction of the composition process…

Here are three more recent podcasts about all things aphoristic, with some conversation highlights indicated by time signatures… Once again I’m grateful for the chance to talk about The World in A Phrase on these wonderful podcasts and thank the hosts for their close readings and fun, provocative questions.

On The Spectator Book Club Podcast, the conversation with host Sam Leith covered everything from why aphorisms are like intellectual puzzles (3:24-5:34) to how aphorists stay lighthearted through dark humor (27:25-32:06) to key female aphorists in the history of the form (30:35-32:06)

On Lit with Charles, host Charles Pignal and I talked about What Walden means to me — and to the history of the aphorism — and why Henry David Thoreau is still relevant today

How James Joyce’s idea of the epiphany is related to aphorisms and how realizing Ulysses was funny helped me finally understand the book

Why some aphorisms work without words

On The Decision-Making Studio Podcast, with host Ben Cattaneo, we explored aphorisms as heuristic devices (9:21-14:09), aphorisms as decision-making manuals (20:22-24:32), aphorisms and improvisation via Wynton Marsalis (32:58-34:53), and what thinking aphoristically means to me (1:03:10-1:04:12)

I’m grateful for the chance to talk about The World in A Phrase on some wonderful podcasts, ranging widely in their focus — from heuristics to philosophy to linguistics. Here are three recent podcasts about all things aphoristic, with some conversation highlights indicated by time signatures…

On From Nowhere to Nothing, a podcast looking at abstract ideas and cultural issues with a down-to-earth demeanor and willingness to explore, I talked with hosts Joel Bouchard and Norman Gayford about, among other aphoristic matters …

Why aphorisms are novellas in sentence form (10:06-12:42)

Aphorisms as provocations that elicit that all-important philosophical “hmm…” (21:58-24:52)

Metaphysical fables and koans as aphorisms (29:20-30:31)

On Linguistically Aware, about all things linguistics from the University of Calgary campus radio station, I talked with host Brooklyn Sheppard about …

Aphorisms as holograms (17:40-18:45)

Why the most difficult thing to find is the way to signposts (33:46-38:03)

How life consists of what a person is thinking of all day (39:54-41:48)

On the Human Risk podcast, which explores human risk and how to mitigate it, I talked with host Christian Hunt about …

Why aphorisms are joyful (12:03-14:32)

The aphorism “A hero is no braver than an ordinary person…” (26:22-28:20)

How the Ukrainian government uses aphorisms as memes (37:32-40:34)

Why aphorisms are not a highbrow art form (53:29-56:03)

AI and aphorisms as prompts (56:42-1:01:56)

… is a question often heard when talking about how to define an aphorism and distinguish it from all the other kinds of short sayings out there. So, if my 5 Laws of the Aphorism do not suffice, here’s a handy field guide to spotting the difference between an aphorism and a …

What is the difference between an aphorism and an adage?
An adage is a variation on a proverb and feels slightly hackneyed. An aphorism is always fresh.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an apothegm?
An apothegm is an anecdote, usually concerning historical persons and often set in antiquity, which may or may not have an aphorism as its punchline.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an axiom?
An axiom is a self-evident proposition, usually on which an argument or theory is based. An axiom must be true, or at least believed to be true. Aphorisms can contradict each other.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a bromide?
Potassium bromide is used in medicine as a sedative. Literary bromides have the same effect.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a dictum?
A dictum is meant to settle an issue or pronounce a verdict. An aphorism incites debate.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an epigram?
Epigrams usually rhyme, are often funny and cynical, and are always intended to castigate or criticize a rival. When they are also philosophical, they are aphorisms.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an epithet?
An epithet is a nickname, or a descriptive phrase characteristic of a particular individual. While an aphorism is also specific, its application can be extended to encompass groups — of people, things, or situations.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an euphemism?
A euphemism is a clever, delicate phrase that expresses what you mean without actually saying it; an aphorism says exactly what you mean in precisely those words that best express it.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an euphuism?
Euphuism is a term used to describe the ornate, embellished, verbose style of Elizabethan writers like John Lyly. A euphuism is typically overly-long but also strangely beautiful. If you took a page of euphuistic prose, brought it to a low boil, and let it simmer overnight, you would wake up with an aphorism.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a fragment?
A fragment is a piece of writing that is, deliberately or involuntarily, left unfinished. An aphorism is complete in itself, the first (or last, per Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach) link in a long chain of thought.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a haiku?
A haiku is impressionistic, imagistic, usually leaving an emotion or feeling rather than a thought in its wake. An aphorism, while often deploying startling imagery, always provokes thought in addition to emotion and feeling.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an idiom?
An idiom is a short metaphorical expression that cannot be understood through a literal interpretation of its constituent words; e.g. He “kicked the bucket.” An aphorism is also short and often metaphorical, but it is almost always a full sentence (rather than just an expression) whose meaning is usually not literal but can be discovered through analogy; e.g. “It is hard to dismount from a tiger.”

What is the difference between an aphorism and a joke?
An aphorism is a joke shorn of everything but the punch line.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a maxim?
A great maxim is also an aphorism. An inferior maxim is merely a rule of conduct.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a motto?
Aphorisms can — and should! — be used as mottoes, but not all mottoes are aphorisms. Run-of-the-mill mottoes are simply statements of belief or principles of conduct.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a nostrum?
Originally, a nostrum was defined as a medicine prescribed by a quack. Literary nostrums are psychic snake oil.

What is the difference between an aphorism and an old saw?
An aphorism gleams with the sharpest of wit; an old saw is rusty and no longer cuts it.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a parable?
A parable is an anecdote, usually fictitious and mostly of a spiritual or moral nature, that may or may not have an aphorism within it that sums up its lesson.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a platitude?
An aphorism shakes you up, unnerves you; a platitude is trite and induces complacency. A platitude is a placebo for the mind; an aphorism is an electric shock.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a precept?
A precept is a motto intended for personal use.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a proverb?
The author of an aphorism is known; the author of a proverb is long forgotten. Proverbs are aphorisms that have had the identity of the author worn away from frequent use.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a quip?
A quip has a shelf life of about 15 minutes. An aphorism is immortal.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a quotation?
A quotation is just something somebody said.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a saying?
“Saying” is a generic term for all these types of expressions, including aphorisms.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a soundbite?
A soundbite is just something some politician said.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a slogan?
A slogan is a motto intended for corporate use.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a truism?
A truism is a platitude presented as if it was a brilliant new discovery.

What is the difference between an aphorism and a witticism?
A witticism, like an aphorism, can achieve immortality, but it is just funny rather than philosophical.

Thanks to everyone at the Barnes and Noble in Philadelphia for hosting me and The World in A Phrase on November 21. And thanks to everyone who turned out to juggle words, ideas, and balls — especially those who were not genetically related to me and hence not legally obligated to show up.

There was a blank sheet selected from the globe, and the subject was: Sports, the same subject chosen when the blank sheet came out of the globe at the Charleston Literary Festival. I came up with the timeless wisdom of Johan Cruijff, a Dutch soccer star whose distinctive sayings have been given their own name: Cruijffisms.

Without the ball, you can’t win.

Before I make a mistake, I do not make that mistake.

Every disadvantage gots its advantage.

Cruijff is like a Dutch Yogi Berra, an inadvertent aphorist whose philosophical nonsequitirs are spontaneous rather than deliberate. And the choice of Sports as a subject gave me the chance to share some of my favorite Berra-isms, too…

Always go to other people’s funerals; otherwise they won’t go to yours.

When you come to a fork in the road, take it.

It’s déjà vu all over again.

And, of course, my favorite Yogi anecdote: Once in an Italian restaurant, Berra was asked if he wanted his pizza cut into four or eight slices. “Four,” he said. “I don’t think I can eat eight.”

In other aphorism-related news, Hannah Murray at Talk Radio Europe’s TRE in the Afternoon had me on for a wide-ranging discussion about the book. You can listen here:

I always add an aphorism-on-request when signing books, but sometimes it takes a sec (see image below) for me to think of one. And, sometimes, I need to consult a reference book (my own) to get the citation right. This happened in Philly with the subject Music, such an important theme for which I should have an aphorism at hand. Anyway, I eventually found one in Geary’s Guide, by Hugo von Hofmannsthal:

Painting changes space into time; music time into space.